English Reviewer || TERM 1 ; Grade 9

Hope & Wishes

Hope - Can come true
Wishes - less/impossible likely to happen

I wish / if only
Express wishes and regrets about things that may happen in the future or may have happened

Type 1: If + present simple / will
E.g. If I have enough money, I will travel to New York.

Type 2: If + past simple / would + infinitive
E.g.: If I had enough money, I would travel to New York.

Type 3: If + past perfect / would + perfect infinitive
E.g.: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to New York.

Regret about a present or future events
I wish/if only are followed by past simple:

*I wish I had enough money to travel to New York.
*If only I had enough money to travel to New York.

Regret (failed to happen) in the past and is, therefore, impossible to change
I wish/if only are followed by past perfect.

*I wish I had had enough money to travel to New York.
*If only I had had enough money to travel to New York.

Present Perfect Tense
Past continuing→Present ||| (Past+Present=Present)("Has"/"Have")+(Past Participle)

Past Perfect Tense
Completed→Next activity ||| ("Had")+(Past participle)(Past+Past=PAST)

Future Perfect Tense
(Future+Past=Future) ("Will have") (Past present)

Transitional Words

Connecting (e.g: For/to: example,instance,demonstrate,emphasize,repeat,clarify,explain,enumerate...)

Adding Ideas (e.g: moreover,as well as,together w/,of course,likewise...)

Functions of Noun

1. Subject - noun/pronoun partnered w/ a predicate verb
*Ex: There is a fly on my soup. || Joe is in the kitchen.)

2. Obj. of Preposition - noun/pronoun answering "Whom/What" after a preposition in a p-phrase
*Ex: Joe ate some meatballs [prep] w/ his [op]friends )

3. Direct Obj. - noun/pronoun answering "Whom/What" after an action verb. Receives obj. of action.
*Ex: Joe at some meatballs)

4. Indirect Obj. - noun/pronoun answering "To Whom/What" or "For whom/what" after an action verb. Never "to"/"for" stated
*Ex: Joe gave Jim some meatballs)
5. Subjective Compliment - noun/pronoun/adj. that describes (equals) the subj. after a linking verb (verb of being).
Ex:*Joe is a GOURMET (noun sc after verb of being)
*Joe became a GOURMET (noun sc after linking verb)
*The meatballs are DELICIOUS (adj.  after verb of being) (s+lv+c)

6.Objective Compliment - noun/pronoun/adj that describes (equals) the DO
Tip: Insert "to be" between DO & OC
Ex: * We consider Joe as a GOURMET
*We find the meat balls DELICIOUS

7. Appositive (App) - noun/pronoun renames another noun; usually place next to it
Ex:* Joe, a GOURMET, likes good meatballs.

**Note: Do Inverted ▲

Parts of a News Report

Headline - sums up the story (title)

Byline - writer's name & specialty (ex: food,sports,crime,current events,weather,showbiz)

Placeline - Where the story begins

Lead - opening section, answers 5 w's

Body - supplies details, simple true details

Quotation - exact words from a person ("__")

Compare;similarities || Contrast;difference
Motive;Reason||Excuse

Persuasion - to convince others to agree/accept

Communicative Function - influencing/discouraging someone from pursuing an action

Credibility

Ethos (Ethical Appeal) - trustworthy of author/speaker
Pathos (Emotional Appeal) - How am i affected by this?
Logos (Logic & Reason Appeal) - what's the basis of this; statistics

Polite Expression of Disagreement

I'm sorry but I disagree || I don't think I have the same opinion as you || Pls. allow me to elaborate my opinion || I beg to disagree || I understand where you're coming from but I think you have to consider..

Modals

Modals Verb  - used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation.
Modal phrases - (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs & the preposition to
Ex:  Can/could/be able to/+not || May/might+not || Shall/should+not || Must/have to+not  || Will/would+not

Annnoyance 

-feeling of irritation; slight anger

Synonyms (Annoy)
Irritation, Miffed, Chafe,pique,irked, prod,nettle,rile,offended,exasperated

*Formal Expression (What a shame! I feel dismayed. That's too dissapointing. This is extremely irritating
I can’t say I’m at all pleased.I’m extremely displeased/angry/unhappy. I must say I reject to I will not pull up with. I take great exception to)

*Informal Expression (What a bummer! Man, that's such a let-down. I just can't stand it when. That's not cool. This is so ridiculous. I'm totally fed up w/. Oh, hell, No!Oh damn!Oh no, what’s next?She makes me mad.He really makes me see red.What an idiot!I can’t stand it anymore.I’m fed up with it.That’s the last straw.Why the hell didn’t he stop calling me?I’ve had just about enough of this condition)

*Neutral (I’m very annoyed.Oh dear/Oh No!What a nuisance!This really makes me cross/angry.It annoys me.It isn’t very nice/ pleasant.I really hate him!

Tone - speaker's attitude
Intonation - how we say things
Facial expressions - signal of specific emotions

Adverb - answer the W'Qs ; usually ends w/-ly; modifies verb,adj,another adv.express time,place,etc
Adverb Phrase - starts w/ a preposition & ends w/ a noun/pronoun
Preposition - with, below,beside,across,beneath,underneath,inside,outside,without,within,beyond,across


Non- Fiction - writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as biography or history

Types of Non-fiction - narrative, essays,biography, autobiography

Fiction - made from people's (product of) imagination
Types of Fiction - drama,poetry,fable,supernatural),folklore(myth),legend(natnl. hero/folk)

Coordinate Adj. - sequence to modify the same noun; separated w/commas & should be beside of last adj.

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Sources:
1 "I wish, If only"